I bogen “Capitalism 4.0 : the birth of a new economy in the
aftermath of crisis” af Anatole Kaletsky (2010) reflekteres der over
forholdet mellem start og marked efter den store økonomiske krise som
kulminerede i 2008. Disse overvejelser er også relevante i forhold til
uddannelser, livslang læring og uddannelsesreformer. Her er et overblik over forfatterens
tænkning:
Den dominerende ideologi fra 1980'erne til krisen 2007-09 antog,
at markederne altid var rigtige, og regeringerne næsten altid var
forkerte.
Kapitalismens tidligere fase, fra 1930'erne til 1970'erne,
antog, at regeringerne altid var rigtige og markeder næsten altid
forkerte.
Det mest karakteristiske træk ved kapitalismens næste æra vil
være en erkendelse af, at regeringer og markeder begge kan være forkerte, og at
deres fejl måske nogle gange kan være fatale, og derfor bliver eksperimentering
og pragmatisme centralt i fremtiden.
Hans grundantagelse er, at den skiftende relation mellem
statslig og privat virksomhed er det vigtigste forhold.
Spørgsmålet er om denne relation også bliver det vigtigste
forhold overalt? Det gælder allerede i USA i dag.
Se link til et referat af bogen nederst. Her er nogle centrale afsnit:
“First up in our Capitalist Futures series is a book called
Capitalism 4.0 by Anatole Kaletsky, published by Bloomsbury in 2010.Kaletsky is
‘Editor-at-Large’ at the Times and has also worked for The Economist and The
Financial Times.
Capitalism 4.0 places the economic meltdown of 2008 in the
context of a series of upheavals that have sporadically characterised the
evolution of capitalism, which Kaletsky sees as ‘an adaptive social
system’. Earlier phases of capitalism are identified as:
Capitalism 1.0: a period of relative stability that ran up to
the First World War, the Russian Revolution and Great Depression in the US:
‘These unprecedented political and economic traumas destroyed the classic
laissez-faire capitalism of the nineteenth century and created a different version
of the capitalist system.’
Capitalism 2.0 is typified by Roosevelt’s New Deal, Lyndon
Johnson’s Great Society, and the rise of the British and European Welfare
states, which prevailed for some forty years.
Capitalism 3.0, in response to global inflation in the late 60s
and 70s, ushered in the free-market revolution of Thatcher and Reagan that
drove forward until the recent financial crisis, catalysing the new emerging
economic reality: Capitalism 4.0.
In all instances, Kaletsky identifies ‘the changing relationship
between government and private enterprise, between political and economic
forces, [as] the clearest feature of capitalism’s evolution from one phase to
the next.’
He writes:
‘The dominant ideology from the 1980s until the 2007-09 crisis
assumed that markets were always right and governments nearly always wrong. The
previous phase of capitalism, from the 1930s until the 1970s, assumed that
governments were always right and markets nearly always wrong. The most
distinctive feature of capitalism’s next era will be a recognition that
governments and markets can both be wrong and that sometimes their errors can
be near fatal…
Capitalism 4.0 will recognise that governments and markets make
mistakes not only because politicians are corrupt, bankers greedy, businessmen
incompetent, and voters stupid, but also because the world is too complex and
unpredictable for any decision-making mechanism to be consistently right,
whether it is based on economic or political incentives. Experimentation and
pragmatism must therefore become the watchwords in public policy, economics and
business strategy … The ability to operate by trial and error, to correct
mistakes before they do too much social harm, is the greatest virtue of the
market system.’
Kilde: Blogartikel skrevet af Jasmin Crowther om bogen
— Capitalist Futures: Anatole Kaletsky - 'Capitalism 4.0'
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Dette blogindlæg supplerer afsnittet ”Opsamling af den uddannelsespolitiske udvikling siden 1980érne”
i mit kapitel Hedegaard, E. (2017): "Uddannelsespolitik og globalisering - uddannelsesreformer i en usikker tidsalder"
i bogen P. Ø Andersen & Tomas Ellegaard : "Klassisk og moderne pædagogisk teori". København: Hans Reitzels Forlag.
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